Why Ontological Arguments Suck

ubuntuAnyone's picture

It seems to be sexy nowadays to meander into atheist forums and drop one of the many modal forms of the ontological arguments (OA).  I wanted to write a piece that is first informative for people to read and understand OA's and their problems. And second, I wanted a place to point OA advocates when they decide they want to post these because I'm starting to feel like a broken record when I post against OA.

Ontological arguments in one form another attempt to argue from definitions to existence. That is, they attempt to define a god (or some attribute of god) and then from one or more definition deduce that a god, by definition, must exist. This was Anselm's basic approach in his famous argument.

    1.) God is the greatest possible conceivable being
    2.) It is greater to exist than not to exist
    3.) In order to be greatest, God must exist
    4.) Therefore, God exists

When evaluating arguments, arguments are evaluated on have two components: their soundness and validity. When an argument is both sound and valid, it is a successful argument. On face, the Anselm's and most OA's appear to be valid -- that is the logic of the argument flows such that it guarantees the conclusion is true. Likewise, on face, the argument appears to be sound: the premises appear to be true.
 
But there's one thing about ontological arguments that make them dubious, and that is the fact that they are deduced entirely from a priori definitions-- definitions that are stated before sense experience. This creates soundness problems because statements about reality need to be grounded in reality in order to be true statements about reality. Otherwise, this method of affirming truth can produce false positives and dubious indecision.

A classic example of a false positive was illustrated by Gaunilo’s Perfect Island. Gaunilo asserted that a perfect island must exist, or it is not perfect in the same manner that Anselm asserted that a greatest possible conceivable must exist or it is not greatest. There are numerous other versions of this from the perfect baseball pitcher to the perfect husband, yet none of these things actually exist. To be fair, advocates assert that such objections do not apply to gods because nothing about islands, husbands, and baseball players suggests that they must exist. Even if this is so, one only need to substitute a deity that is known to be the work of fiction. In Anselm's argument, one could replace "God" with the "Flying Spaghetti Monster", and now a being that is known to be a work of fiction now exists by definition. So the argument is still not sound on the same grounds.

Indecision is illustrated clearly in Anselm's argument in particular when he asserts that it is "greater to exist than not to exist". Some contend that existence is not a favorable trait, therefore it is greater to cease existing or to not exist at all. A priori, each statement is equally valid, and therefore neither one can be affirmed or denied. Such contentions can only be resolved a posteriori. Judgments such as these generally are contestable and create indecision such that one has to choose arbitrarily rather than on sound reason.

With all this being said, it is quite possible that OA's are not valid either. In addressing soundness, we've examined the actual truth statements made by OA's, but the fact of the matter is OA’s are really not asserting anything that is not already explicitly or implicitly said in the given definition and for this reason it is possibly circular reasoning, as the conclusion is just re-asserting the one or more of the premises.

In recent years, modal forms of OA's have become popular, but it's really the same old stuff in a different package. Modal forms attempt to define god as a "necessary" entity. In modal language, "necessary" entities are entities that must exist in all worlds (realities) that are logically possible. Modal arguments don't explicitly make statements about the actualized world, but do so when they assert "necessity" because the actual world is obviously possible. For this reason they fail for the same reason non-modal forms do  because they can produce false positives and dubious indecision.

All this being said, this is not indicting the truth of the premises, as they very well may be true, but a priori, there truth value is unknowable, and therefore anything they entail inherits the same trait. Arguers for OA want opponents to affirm or deny the truth value and get bogged down the details of the specifics of the argument. Typically they want to argue the logical consistency of whatever god they are attempting to affirm. Don't fall for this trap, because an honest evaluation of the premises finds no grounds to affirm or deny them, a priori. They can be denied a posteriori though, such as what has been done with the Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Island example given above.

“Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.”

butterbattle's picture

Thanks Ubuntu.

Thanks Ubuntu.

Our revels now are ended. These our actors, | As I foretold you, were all spirits, and | Are melted into air, into thin air; | And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, | The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, | The solemn temples, the great globe itself, - Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, | And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, | Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff | As dreams are made on, and our little life | Is rounded with a sleep. - Shakespeare

Atheistextremist's picture

Yeah that's a nice useful precis

 

It can be hard when you're waist deep in an argument, to remember that the core of your opponent's case has no basis in reality. Thanks for laying that out.

 

 

"Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. The rest is poetry, imagination." Max Planck

 Good post, I think Mr. M.

 Good post, I think Mr. M. exemplified the majority of your points, and then went out to make a few more fallacies.  The problem with his argument is that it was fractally wrong.  When you dissected it, it failed on every level.  And that was just the first premise lol.

"Don't seek these laws to understand. Only the mad can comprehend..." -- George Cosbuc

ubuntuAnyone's picture

Ktulu wrote: Good post, I

Ktulu wrote:

 Good post, I think Mr. M. exemplified the majority of your points, and then went out to make a few more fallacies.  The problem with his argument is that it was fractally wrong.  When you dissected it, it failed on every level.  And that was just the first premise lol.

Mr. M was the latest, but there's been at least 2 or 3 in the last few months. I guess he was the straw the broke the camel's back.

The objections I've made have always been the same, and eventually the OA advocate turns to fallacy laden mud-slinging tactics.

“Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.”

 It's really an argument

 It's really an argument out of semantics.  The problem that I noticed, as a layman, was that they selectively assign the 'infinite' adjective to specific attributes only, and leave others out.  The way I understood his whole argument, in order for this to work, god MUST equate infinite, or limitless, or some other such synonym.  As soon as you start to knock down parts of the infinity, the whole thing fails.  To me that was the biggest leap of faith.  If God is truly infinite, he is everywhere, and everywhen, and everyTHING.  Mr. M. says, no, god is everywhere, and everywhen, but not everyTHING.  That kind of kills the first premise right there.   Hence the fractally fallacious argument.  Add to that the fallacies you have pointed out, and the whole thing just crumbles.

"Don't seek these laws to understand. Only the mad can comprehend..." -- George Cosbuc

BobSpence's picture

That's a good point.In

That's a good point.

In Mr.M's terms, he is in fact "limited", in that he doesn't encompass us. If we have 'free will" as they claim, then He cannot encompass our minds/souls, whatever they conceive of as making choices.

They will say he deliberately 'chose' to grant us free will. So he chose to 'limit' himself? But surely that still makes Him 'limited'...

Aaarrgh, WTF, this is such transparent nonsense.

Favorite oxymorons: Gospel Truth, Rational Supernaturalist, Business Ethics, Christian Morality

"Theology is now little more than a branch of human ignorance. Indeed, it is ignorance with wings." - Sam Harris

The path to Truth lies via careful study of reality, not the dreams of our fallible minds - me

From the sublime to the ridiculous: Science -> Philosophy -> Theology

cj's picture

BobSpence1 wrote:Aaarrgh,

BobSpence1 wrote:

Aaarrgh, WTF, this is such transparent nonsense.

 

"Amen", brother.

 

-- I feel so much better since I stopped trying to believe.

"We are entitled to our own opinions. We're not entitled to our own facts"- Al Franken

"If death isn't sweet oblivion, I will be severely disappointed" - Ruth M.

cj wrote:BobSpence1

cj wrote:

BobSpence1 wrote:

Aaarrgh, WTF, this is such transparent nonsense.

 

"Amen", brother.

 

Hallelujah! praise the Lord!!!

"Don't seek these laws to understand. Only the mad can comprehend..." -- George Cosbuc

benmcd's picture

ubuntuAnyone

ubuntuAnyone wrote:

Ontological arguments in one form another attempt to argue from definitions to existence. That is, they attempt to define a god (or some attribute of god) and then from one or more definition deduce that a god, by definition, must exist. This was Anselm's basic approach in his famous argument.

    1.) God is the greatest possible conceivable being
    2.) It is greater to exist then not to exist
    3.) In order to be greatest, God must exist
    4.) Therefore, God exists

The soundness fails in the first two words, "God is." That's begging the question.

In other words, the first premise, "God is the greatest possible conceivable being," is only true if God exists. "God exists" is the conclusion, so it cannot be a premise.

Viewed another way, it is an equivocation fallacy. The first premise is made to look like it is saying, "'God' is the concept of a greatest possible conceivable being," but it is used in the argument to mean, "there is a greatest possible conceivable being, and it is God." If it meant the former, then the conclusion would be, "Therefore, the concept of God exists." (Of course, that would also be begging the question, since that was the premise. This argument is filled with fail.)

"Hold the newsreader's nose squarely, waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers." -- Stephen Fry

ubuntuAnyone's picture

Ktulu wrote: It's really an

Ktulu wrote:

 It's really an argument out of semantics.  The problem that I noticed, as a layman, was that they selectively assign the 'infinite' adjective to specific attributes only, and leave others out.  The way I understood his whole argument, in order for this to work, god MUST equate infinite, or limitless, or some other such synonym.  As soon as you start to knock down parts of the infinity, the whole thing fails.  To me that was the biggest leap of faith.  If God is truly infinite, he is everywhere, and everywhen, and everyTHING.  Mr. M. says, no, god is everywhere, and everywhen, but not everyTHING.  That kind of kills the first premise right there.   Hence the fractally fallacious argument.  Add to that the fallacies you have pointed out, and the whole thing just crumbles.

Many theists have no idea what is entailed by the world "infinite" and they throw it around as if they did. When I started reading Cantor, I quickly found that it is was not as simple they'd like to think it is. In any case, I've learned to press for clarity when someone starts dropping the word "infinite".

“Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.”

ubuntuAnyone's picture

benmcd wrote:The soundness

benmcd wrote:

The soundness fails in the first two words, "God is." That's begging the question.

In other words, the first premise, "God is the greatest possible conceivable being," is only true if God exists. "God exists" is the conclusion, so it cannot be a premise.

Viewed another way, it is an equivocation fallacy. The first premise is made to look like it is saying, "'God' is the concept of a greatest possible conceivable being," but it is used in the argument to mean, "there is a greatest possible conceivable being, and it is God." If it meant the former, then the conclusion would be, "Therefore, the concept of God exists." (Of course, that would also be begging the question, since that was the premise. This argument is filled with fail.)

Plantinga avoids this in his argument by having two working definitions, and he never explicitly calls any one of them "god". That's why I suggested it was possibly begging the question.

I think other more clear explicitly define God as merely and idea rather than an actuality first, and I think this is valid, but it categorically is no different than other ideas such as pixies, ghosts, and dragons at this point. Suggesting that such things exist a priori and then suggesting that such things by definition must exist in reality is not grounded in reality, and why I challenged the soundness.

“Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.”

BobSpence's picture

The Modal version, which

The Modal version, which Mr.Metaphysics was pushing, depends on an invalid use of the S5.

I think I have finally got my head around this stuff.

A significant part of it is due to confusion/conflation of two uses of the word 'possibly'.

The use in Modal Logic means that something is contingent, that it is not inevitably or 'necessarily' the case.

This is distinct from its use to convey a sense of uncertainty about the truth value of a statement that is purely due a lack of sufficient knowledge to determine its truth.

Given the first usage, the statement that "it is possibly the case that A is necessarily the case" is equivalent to "A is necessarily the case" does follow. So S5 is valid, but only if "possibly" is being used strictly in the Modal sense, which assumes adequate knowledge to determine that A is indeed necessary.

So Mr.M's argument amounts to " if we have sufficient knowledge to know that God is a necessary being, then he necessarily exists."

But since God, by definition, would encompass or impact all of existence, 'sufficient' knowledge would require pretty much total knowledge of Everything.

Lacking that level of knowledge, Mr.M's OA can prove nothing, even if valid as stated.

Favorite oxymorons: Gospel Truth, Rational Supernaturalist, Business Ethics, Christian Morality

"Theology is now little more than a branch of human ignorance. Indeed, it is ignorance with wings." - Sam Harris

The path to Truth lies via careful study of reality, not the dreams of our fallible minds - me

From the sublime to the ridiculous: Science -> Philosophy -> Theology

ubuntuAnyone's picture

BobSpence1 wrote:But since

BobSpence1 wrote:

But since God, by definition, would encompass or impact all of existence, 'sufficient' knowledge would require pretty much total knowledge of Everything.

Lacking that level of knowledge, Mr.M's OA can prove nothing, even if valid as stated.

I would contend that he has no real knowledge of anything at all, given that every statement he makes about reality is made divorced from reality. Modal OA's propose a set of possible worlds that are entirely the product of a priori speculations. Just because someone can think of something that exist necessarily in the proposed set of possible worlds does not entail that it actually exists, and a priori, this cannot be asserted.

“Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.”

BobSpence's picture

ubuntuAnyone

ubuntuAnyone wrote:

BobSpence1 wrote:

But since God, by definition, would encompass or impact all of existence, 'sufficient' knowledge would require pretty much total knowledge of Everything.

Lacking that level of knowledge, Mr.M's OA can prove nothing, even if valid as stated.

I would contend that he has no real knowledge of anything at all, given that every statement he makes about reality is made divorced from reality. Modal OA's propose a set of possible worlds that are entirely the product of a priori speculations. Just because someone can think of something that exist necessarily in the proposed set of possible worlds does not entail that it actually exists, and a priori, this cannot be asserted.

Yeah, well, that has always seemed to me the basic fallacy of any kind of OA, the idea of trying to 'prove' something about reality purely a priori.

So the OA can prove nothing, really, and it is clearly circular, or at the very least, totally contingent, ultimately boiling down to: "IF a being matching my conception of God exists, THEN God exists", which is essentially all a purely a priori argument can do.

The KCA is little better: "IF everything needs a cause, then existence needs a cause, which BY DEFINITION could only be my conception of God."

The TAG is different: I have always thought of it as conflating the map with the territory: "the Universe behaves in an orderly manner consistent with the Laws of Logic; the LOL are a conception of a mind; therefore the orderliness of the Universe necessitates a Universal Mind." At least it seems to be based on an empirical, ie not a priori, observation. But it equates that observation to a conceptual model  of that orderliness, or worse, reverses the relationship - the orderliness is a consequence of the concepts of order existing in a Universal mind.

All these are such clear fallacies when boiled down to their essentials, so it is the task of the Theologians and Apologetics to devise formulations of these arguments which as far as possible conceal that they are just combinations of logical fallacies and naked assertions, strung together by logic operators, IF, THEN, THEREFORE.

Favorite oxymorons: Gospel Truth, Rational Supernaturalist, Business Ethics, Christian Morality

"Theology is now little more than a branch of human ignorance. Indeed, it is ignorance with wings." - Sam Harris

The path to Truth lies via careful study of reality, not the dreams of our fallible minds - me

From the sublime to the ridiculous: Science -> Philosophy -> Theology

 We need a detailed website

 We need a detailed website that explains every fallacy in all the popular OAs.  That way we just point the OA poster to the link so they can all be on the same page.  It would save a lot of time cutting through their illogic. 

"Don't seek these laws to understand. Only the mad can comprehend..." -- George Cosbuc

Ktulu wrote: We need a

Ktulu wrote:

 We need a detailed website that explains every fallacy in all the popular OAs.  That way we just point the OA poster to the link so they can all be on the same page.  It would save a lot of time cutting through their illogic. 

 

http://wiki.ironchariots.org/index.php?title=Main_Page

 

I always feel like a genius when things I think of are things other people with larger brains have thought of.

 

Also, uhhg, the blog format drive me nuts.

 

That is all.

Everything makes more sense now that I've stopped believing.

interesting link, this is

interesting link, this is exactly what I had in mind except it is obviously biased towards atheism, and thus would turn any theist off.  I want thinking less narrative, more point form.  That being said I really like that website, thank you for posting it.

Edit: typo

 

"Don't seek these laws to understand. Only the mad can comprehend..." -- George Cosbuc

Jean Chauvin's picture

Hi BuntY

Hi Bunty

We all know that you wrote this on my behalf since you have not been able to answer my questions. I refuted your position so bad, you had to snuggle with your mommy for months.

Of course you won't admit it. But once again you misrepresented my argument.

The Bible does say that you are a fool and are ignorant (I Cor. 1:14) because you are not a Christian. God has sent you a delusion of stupidity (II Thess 2;9-11).

Anselm's Ontological Argument is NOT my argument. Smiling.  Anselm was a Rationalist from the scholastic school of thinking. Anselm's argument is full of contradictions.

While Anselm does argue deductively from definition, I argue deductively from axiomatically. While axioms need not be justifed, however, the Imago Dei roots in this reality.

While Anselm argues via particular and does not define definition thus making it a particular, I argue from sola Scriptura as another axiom in the equation of things.

It drives you crazy that my argument is sound and valid. You are only left with probability probable which leaves you in a circle of death and confusion.

Perhaps I ought to educate you more on the subject.

But I remember you telling me you were in the occult. What type of Thelma Organization were you in. There are at least 4. It makes sense that you are seeking for everything BUT truth since NOBODY seeks God (Romans 3:10-12).

You are an evil foolish man. If I have refuted you, just admit it. I like you BuntY, but is it to much to ask one that worshipped demons to be honest?

Respectfully,

Jean Chauvin (Jude 3)

A Rational Christian of Intelligence (rare)with a valid and sound justification for my epistemology and a logical refutation for those with logical fallacies and false worldviews upon their normative of thinking in retrospect to objective normative(s). This is only understood via the imago dei in which we all are.

Respectfully,

Jean Chauvin (Jude 3).

butterbattle's picture

Lol, he sent a delusion of

Lol, he sent a delusion of stupidity.

Our revels now are ended. These our actors, | As I foretold you, were all spirits, and | Are melted into air, into thin air; | And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, | The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, | The solemn temples, the great globe itself, - Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, | And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, | Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff | As dreams are made on, and our little life | Is rounded with a sleep. - Shakespeare

ubuntuAnyone's picture

Jean Chauvin wrote:We all

Jean Chauvin wrote:

We all know that you wrote this on my behalf since you have not been able to answer my questions. I refuted your position so bad, you had to snuggle with your mommy for months.

umm...no

Jean Chauvin wrote:

Of course you won't admit it. But once again you misrepresented my argument.

um...no

Jean Chauvin wrote:

Anselm's Ontological Argument is NOT my argument. Smiling.  Anselm was a Rationalist from the scholastic school of thinking. Anselm's argument is full of contradictions.

While Anselm does argue deductively from definition, I argue deductively from axiomatically. While axioms need not be justifed, however, the Imago Dei roots in this reality.

While Anselm argues via particular and does not define definition thus making it a particular, I argue from sola Scriptura as another axiom in the equation of things.

This is pure equivocation. And besides, it still has the same problem, and as I and others pointed out, Godel showed that no set of axioms is complete.

Jean Chauvin wrote:

It drives you crazy that my argument is sound and valid. You are only left with probability probable which leaves you in a circle of death and confusion.

One cannot assume something into reality independent of reality. That's question begging. As I showed with Anselm and other OA's is that I could do the same for the Flying Spaghetti Monster.

Jean Chauvin wrote:

Perhaps I ought to educate you more on the subject.

But I remember you telling me you were in the occult. What type of Thelma Organization were you in. There are at least 4. It makes sense that you are seeking for everything BUT truth since NOBODY seeks God (Romans 3:10-12).

Your either-or thinking has also been your problem. Your conservative-christian-republican vs liberal-atheist-democrat dichotomy among other things shows that you assume that you know things rather than evaluate knowledge as it exsists.

Jean Chauvin wrote:

You are an evil foolish man. If I have refuted you, just admit it. I like you BuntY, but is it to much to ask one that worshipped demons to be honest?

Respectfully,

Jean Chauvin (Jude 3)

You call me a foolish man, presume you've "refuted" me , and ask me if I worship demons... and you say "Respectfully"....

You lost my respect a long time ago concerning credibility...

But why would an atheist worship demons when atheists raject the existence of such things... that's a contradictions in terms.

“Hokey religions and ancient weapons are no match for a good blaster at your side, kid.”

 Hehe, is this guy for

 Hehe, is this guy for real? Jean.  The more I read, the more Poe he seems.  Funny though Smiling

"Don't seek these laws to understand. Only the mad can comprehend..." -- George Cosbuc

Atheistextremist's picture

It's a shame Jean doesn't post more often

Jean Chauvin wrote:

Hi Bunty

We all know that you wrote this on my behalf since you have not been able to answer my questions. I refuted your position so bad, you had to snuggle with your mommy for months.

Of course you won't admit it. But once again you misrepresented my argument.

The Bible does say that you are a fool and are ignorant (I Cor. 1:14) because you are not a Christian. God has sent you a delusion of stupidity (II Thess 2;9-11).

Anselm's Ontological Argument is NOT my argument. Smiling.  Anselm was a Rationalist from the scholastic school of thinking. Anselm's argument is full of contradictions.

While Anselm does argue deductively from definition, I argue deductively from axiomatically. While axioms need not be justifed, however, the Imago Dei roots in this reality.

While Anselm argues via particular and does not define definition thus making it a particular, I argue from sola Scriptura as another axiom in the equation of things.

It drives you crazy that my argument is sound and valid. You are only left with probability probable which leaves you in a circle of death and confusion.

Perhaps I ought to educate you more on the subject.

But I remember you telling me you were in the occult. What type of Thelma Organization were you in. There are at least 4. It makes sense that you are seeking for everything BUT truth since NOBODY seeks God (Romans 3:10-12).

You are an evil foolish man. If I have refuted you, just admit it. I like you BuntY, but is it to much to ask one that worshipped demons to be honest?

Respectfully,

Jean Chauvin (Jude 3)

 

I was a bit cranky before I read this post but now I have a smile on my face. It must be the work of the lord.

 

 

 

"Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. The rest is poetry, imagination." Max Planck